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एम ए सेमेस्टर-1 - अंग्रेजी - तृतीय प्रश्नपत्र - लिंग्विस्टिक्स

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MA Semester-1 English Paper-III - Linguistics and ELT

Direct and Indirect Speech

1. अंग्रेजी भाषा के वक्ता का कथन दो प्रकार से व्यक्त किया जाता है- प्रत्यक्ष (Direct) और परोक्ष (Indirect) कथन |
यदि हम वक्ता के कथन को उसी के शब्दों में रखते हैं तो उसे प्रत्यक्ष कथन (Direct Speect) कहते हैं, जैसे-
Nidhi says "I go to school daily"
यदि हम उस कथन को यथावत् न रखकर अपने शब्दों में प्रकट करते हैं तो उसे परोक्ष कथन (Indirect Speech) कहते हैं, जैसे-
Nidhi says that she goes to school daily.
2. Direct से Indirect बनाते समय निम्नलिखित परिवर्तन किये जाते हैं-
(i) भावानुसार Reporting verb बदल दिये जाते हैं।
(ii) Inverted comma (" ") हटाकर उनके स्थान पर उचित संयोजक शब्द (Connective word) जोड़ दिया जाता है।
(iii) Reported Speech Ykx Person बदल दिया जाता है।
(iv) भावानुसार Reported verb का Tense बदल दिया जाता है।
(v) शब्दों तथा शब्द क्रम में कभी-कभी परिवर्तन किया जाता है।
3. भावानुसार Reporting verb बदलना।
यह परिवर्तन Reported Speech में आये हुए वाक्य के अनुसार होता है -
(i) साधारण वाक्य (Assertive sentence) होने पर said के स्थान पर told, asserted, remarked, added, continued आदि लिखते हैं। लेकिन यदि Reporting object न हो तो said को told में नहीं बदलते हैं।
(ii) प्रश्नवाचक (Interogative sentence) होने पर said के स्थान पर asked, enquired of या demanded of लिखते हैं।
(iii) आदेशसूचक वाक्य (Imperative sentence) होने पर said को स्थान पर advised, ordered, forbade, bade, requested, begged, urged, proposed, suggested आदि में लिखते हैं। यदि वाक्य में thank, greet, welcome, congratulate आदि शब्द आते हैं तो उन्हें said के स्थान पर लिखते हैं।
(iv) हर्ष, विवाद, आश्चर्यसूचक वाक्य (Exclamatory sentence) होने पर said के स्थान पर exclaimed लिखते हैं तथा हर्ष विषाद और आश्चर्यबोधक शब्दों को समाप्त कर exclaimed के बाद निम्न परिवर्तन अंकित करते हैं -
'Alas' = with sorrow, Bravo ! = with approval Praise, Hurrah = with delight, God = with heavens, surprise आदि लिखते हैं।
(v) इच्छात्मक वाक्य (Opatative sentence) में said के स्थान पर wished prayed, cursed, blessed आदि लिखते हैं।
4. संयोजक शब्द (connective word) निम्न प्रकार से रखे जाते हैं -
Assertive sentence Exclamatory sentence Optative sentence fa Reported speech में हो तो that संयोजक शब्द (connective word) का प्रयोग करते हैं।
Interrogative वाक्य यदि सहायक क्रिया से आरम्भ हो तो if या whether संयोजक शब्द का प्रयोग करते हैं किन्तु यदि वाक्य who, which, what, when where, why आदि शब्दों से प्रारम्भ होते हं  तो इन्हीं शब्दों को संयोजक शब्द के रूप में स्वीकार कर लिया जाता है। Imperative sentence में कोई संयोजक शब्द प्रयुक्त नहीं होता है उनके स्थान पर to शब्द का प्रयोग करते हैं जो Reporting speech और Reported speech के बीच प्रयुक्त होता है।

5. Person के परिवर्तन निम्नलिखित होते हैं -
(i) af Reported speech first person Pronoun 3 Reporting subject के अनुसार बदलते हैं, जैसे-
Deepti said, "I will do my work." (Direct)
Deepti said that she would do her work. (Indirect)
(ii) यदि Reported speech में second person के pronoun आते हैं तो उन्हें Reporting object के अनुसार बदलते हैं। यदि Reporting object नहीं होता है तो Third Person में बदल देते हैं, जैसे-
(a) She said to me, "You will fall down". (Direct)
She told me that I would fall down. (Indirect)
(b) She said, "You will pass." (Direct)
She said that he would pass. (Indirect)
(c) He said a children, "You will get comfort." (Direct)
He told the children that they would get comfort. (Indirect)
(iii) Third person के Pronoun नहीं बदलते हैं।
6. Tense परिवर्तन निम्नलिखित होते हैं -
(i) यदि Reporting verb present या Future Tense में हो तो Reported verb का Tense नहीं बदलता है जैसे-
(a) Deepti says to me, "I can help you." (Direct)
Deepti tells me that she can help me. (Indirect)
(b) Deepti will say to you, "I am going home today." (Direct)
Deepti will tell you that she is going home that day. (Indirect)
(ii) यदि Reported speech में निम्नलिखित प्रकार के वाक्य हों तो Reported verb का Tense नहीं बदलता है -
(a) Universal truth (शाश्वत सत्य) -
Harish said, "I go for a walk early in the morning daily." (Direct)
Harish said that he goes for a walk early in the morning daily. (Indirect)
(b) Customs, conventions and traditions (रीति-रिवाज परम्परायें, मर्यादायें) -
He said, "Muslims bury their dead." (Direct)
He said that Muslims bury their dead. (Indirect)
(c) Proverbs (कहावतें) -
He said, "Honesty is the best policy." (Direct)
He said that honesty is the best policy. (Indirect)
(iii) यदि Reporting verb Past Tense में हो तो Reported verb में निम्नलिखित प्रकार के परिवर्तन करते हैं -

Present Indefinite Past Indefinite
go went
Present Continuous Past Continuous
is/are/am was/were/going
Present Perfect Past Perfect
has/have/gone had gone
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
has/have been going had been going
Past Indefinite Past Perfect
went had gone
Past Continuous perfect Past Perfect Continuous
was/were going had been going

Past Perfect तथा Past Perfect Continuous Tense में परिवर्तन नहीं होता है।
7. कुछ विशेष शब्दों में परिवर्तन-

Direct 
Indirect
Now Then
Here There
Today That day
Tonight That night
Tomorrow The next day
Yesterday The previous day
These Those
Hither Thither
Hence Thence
Thus So
Ago Before
Just Then
This That


8. शब्दों तथा शब्द क्रम में परिवर्तन -
(i) Yes - Replied in the affinative or agreeing or agreed (surely, certainly, well, very well, pretty well etc.)
No - Replied in the negative.
(ii) Sir/Madam/your honour/My lord/ your majesty fag with respect respectfully लिखते हैं और इन शब्दों को हटा देते हैं।
Dear/Darling = Respectfully (बड़ों के लिए) Lovingly (बराबर उम्र में) Affectionately (छोटों के लिए) यह परिवर्तन होता है।
9. अन्य परिवर्तन -
(i) यदि Reported speech में दोहरे Subject हों तो उनमें से पहले को Reporting Object बना लेते हैं जैसे-
He said, "Mohan, Brother you are not serious." (Direct)
He told brother Mohan that he was not serious. (Indirect)
(ii) यदि Reported Speech में दोहरे Subject और Verb आयें तो उन्हें Reporting Subject या Reporting Verb में मिला देते हैं जैसे-
He said, "I hope I will pass." (Direct)
He hoped that he wou;d pass. (Indirect)
(iii) सम्बोधन के वाक्यों में विशेषण होने पर addressing as और यदि विश्लेषण न हो तो
addressing लिखते हैं।
(a) "O noble prince, said Savitri to Satyavan, "I love you." (Direct)
Addressing as noble price Savitri told Satyavan that she loved him. (Indirect)
(b) "O Prince" said Savitri" I love you." (Direct)
Addressing prince Savitri said that she loved him. (Indirect)
Or
Savitri addressed prince that she loved him.
(इस प्रकार से लिखना तभी उचित होगा जब Reporting object न हो)

(iv) सम्बोधन के कुछ अन्य तरह के भी वाक्य होते हैं, जैसे-
"Fool" said she, "Have you broken the plate."
(Direct)
Calling as fool she said that he had broken the plate. (Indirect)
लेकिन निकट का सम्बन्ध होने पर as नहीं लगाते हैं-
"My son" said mother, "You are lazy." (Direct)
Calling her son, mother said that he was lazy. (Indirect)
Or
Mother told her son that he was lazy.
(v) Let के वाक्यों में निम्न प्रकार परिवर्तन किया जा सकता है -
He said, "Let me go home." (Direct)
He proposed to let him go home. (Indirect)
Or
He proposed to go home.
Or
He proposed that he should go home.
(vi) अभिवादनासूचक शब्दों के वाक्यों को निम्न प्रकार बदलते हैं-
Mohan said, "Good morning Hari". (Direct)
Mohan bade Hari Good Morning. (Indirect)
Or
Mohan bade Good morning to Hari.
(vii) How/ What से प्रारम्भ Exclamatory वाक्यों का परिवर्तन निम्नलिखित प्रकार करते हैं -
(i) He said, "What a fine picuture it is!" (Direct)
He exclaimed that it was very fine picture. (Indirect)
(ii) He said, "How miserable his life is !" (Direct)
He exclaimed that his life was very miserable. (Indirect)

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    अनुक्रम

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  162. Question- What are the consequences of individual differences?
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  165. Active Voice and Passive Voice
  166. Direct and Indirect Speech
  167. Tenses
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  171. Question- Translation from Hindi to English :
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  183. Write an application to the Principal of your college requesting him to make arrangements for a separate common room for girls in the college.
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  186. Write a letter to the principal of the school for arranging reme dial class for English.
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  198. Dialouge Writing
  199. Picture Composition
  200. Question- Answer in English the following questions on the above passage -
  201. Question- Choose the best answer out of the possible answers given.
  202. Question- Fill in the blanks below using suitable words taken from the list- (independence, control, powers, account, active, system, universal, strict.)
  203. Question- Choose the best answer out of the possible answers given-
  204. Question- Use suitable words from the list given below to fill in the blanks - (forgive, respect, scenery, truth, pleasure, err, speech, neglect, liberty, silence)
  205. Figure of Speech
  206. Precis Writing
  207. Paraphrasing
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  214. Question- What are the external factors of English language learning?
  215. Question- Which factors impact the learning curve of English-Language learners?
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  217. Question- What do you understand by Billingual Method Ensure both Fluency and Accuracy?
  218. Question- Discuss merits and demerits of Direct Method of teaching English?
  219. Question- Show in what ways Direct Method is improvement over Translation cum-Grammar Method. How can a teacher effectively use it?
  220. Question- "Structural approach is the foundation upon which the study of English teaching should develop." Discuss.
  221. Question- What do you understand by situational approach to teaching English?
  222. Question- What do you understand by structural approach of teaching English?
  223. Question- What are the objectives of structural approach?
  224. Question- State the principles of structural approach.
  225. Question- What is the process of adopting structural approach?
  226. Question- Describe the merits of structural approach.
  227. Question- How will you make use of structural approach in teaching the students of sixth class?
  228. Question- Discuss in detail the inductive- Deductive method of teaching English grammar with appropriate example.
  229. Question- Write down the aims of teaching translation at school level.
  230. Question- Write a note on Translation Method.
  231. Question- What do you mean by inductive-deductive method for teaching of grammar?
  232. Question- Discuss Dr. Michael west's new method.
  233. Question- Discuss communicative approach of teaching.
  234. Question- Describe the demerits of Grammar-translation method.
  235. Question- Differentiate between approach and method of teaching.
  236. Question- Write a short note on bilingual method of English teaching.
  237. Question- Explain the main characteristics of Bilingual method of teaching English?
  238. Question- Discuss communicative approach of teaching.
  239. Question- What is Eclectic method (approach) of language learning/ teaching?
  240. Question- What are the advantages and disadvantages of Eclectic Approach?
  241. Question- What is the eclectic approach to teaching English?
  242. Question- What are the activities of eclectic method?
  243. Question- What is a notional-functional syllabus?
  244. Question- What are the theories of notional functional syllabus?
  245. Question- What is notional functional syllabus theory?
  246. Question- What is the notional functional movement in linguistics?
  247. Question- What is the silent way language Teaching approach?
  248. Question- What are the aims/goals of silent way of teaching approach?
  249. Question- What are the characteristics of silent way of teaching?
  250. Question- What are the roles of teacher and learner in silent way of teaching?
  251. Question- Define audio-visual aids. What is the need of these aids in the teaching of English?
  252. Question- Give definitions of audio-visual aids.
  253. Question- What are the needs/importance of audio-visual aids in teaching of English?
  254. Question- State some use of audio-visual aids for teaching English.
  255. Question- What is the importance of Black-Board in teaching of English?
  256. Question- What are the advantages of maps as a support material?
  257. Question- Comment on Projector.
  258. Question- State the objectives and role of language laboratory in teaching of English.
  259. Question- What is contrastive analyses?
  260. Question- How many types of errors in English language teaching?
  261. Question- What are the stages of Error Analysis?
  262. Question- What are the distinctions between mistakes and errors?
  263. Question- What is test and testing? Explain it.
  264. Question- What is the meaning of evaluation?
  265. Question- What is test, testing and evaluation?
  266. Question- What is the difference between test and testing?
  267. Question- What is evaluation testing important?
  268. Question- What is the purpose of testing?
  269. Question- What are the characteristics of a good test?
  270. Question- What is language planning and its types?
  271. Question- What are the stages of language planning?
  272. Question- What are the principles of language planning?
  273. Question- What is language planning and why is it important?
  274. Question- What is language planning in education?
  275. Question- What are the factors influencing language planning?
  276. Question- What is the difference between language planning and language policy?
  277. Question- What do you understand by lesson plan? Discuss its characteristics and approch to write it.
  278. Question- What would be the characteristics of a good lesson plan?
  279. Question- Discuss any approach of lesson planning.
  280. Question- List the various steps of lesson planning based on Herbartain approach.
  281. Question- 'Nothing is so fatal for a teacher as unpreparedness.' Discuss the need of lesson planning in the light of this statement.
  282. Question- Prepare a lesson plan of either prose or poetry or grammar or compostion on a topic of your own choice.
  283. Question- What are the possible learning outcomes in english primary stage according to the NCERT approach?
  284. Question- Give the outline of Herbartian Lesson Plan Format.
  285. Question- What are the advantages of Herbartian Lesson Plan?
  286. Question- What are the limitations of Herbartian Lesson Plan?
  287. Question- What are the important characteristics of a good lesson plan in Herbartian approach?
  288. Question- Enumnerate the term 'curriculum'. Which procedures are used for curriculum organisation?
  289. Question- Discuss various procedures of curriculum organisation.
  290. Question- Explain the topical approach of organization of curriculum.
  291. Question- Indicate the meaning of integrated approach to English cur- riculum organization.
  292. Question- Draw a structure of curriculum of English at various levels. The answer to this question is completed by consolidating the answers to the following related questions..
  293. Question- Suggest curriculum of English for secondary classes.
  294. Question- Give four drawbacks of existing curriculum of English.
  295. Question- Give a critical appraisal of existing Syllabus in English?
  296. Question- Describe the place of English language in India.
  297. Question- Discuss the place of English after independence.
  298. Question- Describe the place of English in present days.
  299. Question- Discuss the importance of English language in India.
  300. Question- Which language was termed as language of communication in India?
  301. Question- Why and when English is declared as an official language of Administration?
  302. Question- How did English open the gates of Western Sciences and Arts to Indians?
  303. Question- Explain importance suggested by different commissions about English language.
  304. Question- Explain the influence of English in education.
  305. Question- What is the role of English for Literary Development?
  306. Question- Why English is also called an International Language?
  307. Question- State effect of English in social life.
  308. Question- "English ensures Unity of India." How?
  309. Question- Explain the meaning of ecolonization and what its impact on english literature to literatures in english?
  310. Question- What is decolonization and why is it important?
  311. Question- Can pre-colonial cultures be recovered by decolonization?
  312. Question- What are the problems of teaching English in India?
  313. Question- What are the solutions for the problems faced by teacher's in Teaching English language?
  314. Question- What are the problems of teaching the English language?
  315. Question- What are the major obstacles in teaching English to students?
  316. Question- What is the basic need of teaching the English language?
  317. Question- What are the problems of teaching the English language?
  318. Question- What is "Register" and what it is use?
  319. Question- What are the types of register in English?
  320. Question- What is Diatype?
  321. Question- What is register in language?
  322. Question- What is a register style?
  323. Question- What is the function of registers?
  324. Question- What is Register classification in the OED?
  325. Question- Explain the role of English in India.
  326. Question- Enumerate the Nature of English Language.
  327. Question- What is english as a second language (ESOL).
  328. Question- Why is English the most popular second language?

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